Anatomy of the Horse: with Aaron Horowitz and Rolf Berg

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The nasogastric tube first passes through an external nare, enters the nasal cavity, and should be kept in the ventral nasal meatus. The tube has measurements indicated, and the distance from the nostril to the eye helps measure the amount of tube needed to reach to the nasopharynx. Getty (1975)"Equine Osteology" in Sisson and Grossman's The Anatomy of the Domestic Animals Volume 1", Sunders, ISBN 0-7216-4102-4 The lacrimal branch (CN V Trigeminal, ophthalmic division) carries sensation from the skin and conjunctiva of the eye (medial aspect), while a separate ophthalmic division branch carries sensation from the lateral skin and conjunctive. The cornea can detect sensation as well, and it too is carried by the ophthalmic division. The brainstem houses many important pathways and relay structures to and from the brain. The four main regions of the brainstem are:

CN X Vagus– provides parasympathetic innervation to thoracic and abdominal viscera, motor to (and sensory from) the larynx and pharynx; The recurrent laryngeal n. provides motor to many intrinsic laryngeal muscles via the caudal laryngeal n. branch, while the cranial laryngeal n. is a direct branch from the vagus and innervates the cricothyroideus m. (more below in Laryngeal Paralysis) Essentials of Clinical Anatomy of the Equine Locomotor System 2019. Edited by Jean- Marie Denoix, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.Loss of tooth substance due to wear is known as dental attrition. As dental attrition occurs, the tooth shortens, but the erupted part of the tooth, known as the clinical crown, does not. The auriculopalpebral branch (CN VII Facial) carries motor to the superior palpebrae and muscles around the eye.

The muscles of facial expressions are innervated by the motor fibers of CNVII (facial nerve). [1] Muscle Figure 14B-7 (Left, equine) Topography of the paranasal sinuses. The circle indicates where the caudal maxillary sinus can be trephined. 1, Conchofrontal sinus; 2, caudal maxillary sinus; 3, rostral maxillary sinus; 4, position of frontomaxillary opening between 1 and 2. (Right, bovine) 1, Maxillary sinus; 2, rostral frontal sinuses; 3, caudal frontal sinus; 4, dorsal conchal sinus. (from TVA figs. 18-13, 25-11).In the HORSE, rostrally the zygomatic arch is continuous with a prominent facial crest (Fig. 14B-1/3), which is not present in the other species we study. There are several salivary glands that have ducts that enter into the oral cavity. The parotid salivary gland is on the lateral aspect of each cheek just ventral to the ears (in EQUINE it covers part of Viborg’s triangle). The parotid salivary glands have prominent parotid ducts that course across the surface of the masseter m. (sometimes it takes a more ventral path and near the facial a. and v.) on their way through the cheek and into the oral cavity. Flank: where the hind legs and the barrel meet, specifically the area right behind the rib cage and in front of the stifle joint Pavord, Tony; Pavord, Marcy (2007). Complete Equine Veterinary Manual. David & Charles. ISBN 978-0715318836.

A horse's immune system consists of white blood cells, antibodies, and other essential substances that help with fighting off infections and foreign invaders. There are also several organs involved in the immune system including:Fig. 5-36 Sagittal section of dog eye. 1, tapetum lucidum; 2, nontapetal nigrum; 3, lens; 4, ciliary body; 5, posterior chamber; 6, anterior chamber; 7, iris; 8, cornea; 9, superior eyelid/palpebra; 10, palpebral conjunctiva; 11, bulbar conjunctiva; 12, fornix; 13, sclera; 14, choroid; 15, retina; 16, superior retinal vein; 17, optic disk/disc; 18, optic nerve; 19, dura and arachnoid mater; 20, inferior medial retinal vein; 21, third eyelid. (from Guide to Dissection of the Dog) Internal coat (aka retina): this layer includes the lens, as well as the point where all ganglion cells of the retina exit each eye, the optic nerve. Where the optic nerve exits there are no photoreceptors, hence it is called the “blind spot” or optic disc. The rounded inner caudal region of the eye is called the fundus, and is what is seen in a fundoscopic examination of the eye.

A10.1 Identify and describe the bone terms associated with the head (skull, mandible, hyoid apparatus). Temporal bone: contains the eternal acoustic meatus, which transmits sound from the ear to the cochlea (eardrum)

Endocrine System in Horses

The genioglossus m. is found at the ventral floor of the tongue and originates on the inside of the chin (near the mandibular symphysis) or the genial tubercle, hence the name genio-glossus, from chin to tongue. Figure 14B-1 Horse skull, lateral view. 1, temporalis m.; 2, occipitomandibularis part of digastricus muscle; 3, facial crest; 4, nasoincisive notch; 5, infraorbital foramen; 6, paracondylar process; 7, mental foramen; 8, bar; 9, 9’, supraorbital process and foramen; *, mastoid process of the temporal bone. The first cervical vertebra is called the atlas and together with the occiput, creates an up and down motion of the head, with slight lateral rotation. The second cervical vertebra is called the axis, and together with the atlas, results in rotation of the head. A few muscles that help support the tongue and are connected to the hyoid apparatus are: (Fig. 5-32) The tooth is said to be ‘ in wear’ when enamel is worn off and dentine is exposed on the labial edge of the tooth (e.g., adult incisors are in wear at 3, 4, and 5 years old). When the entire occlusal surface of the tooth is in wear, the tooth is said to be ‘ level’.